The Pantheon Essay Example For Students

The Pantheon Essay IntroductionI chose to report on the pantheon because Ive seen pictures and I am also very fascinated by all the Roman monuments. I looked all around the internet and libraries. The Pantheon was very hard to find information about. It was very challenging but I found enough information to complete this report. This famous building stands in the business district of Romemuch as it was built some 18 centuries ago. Amazingly, it has withstood the ravages of both the elements and war permitting a firsthand view of a unique product constructed by Roman hands. Now, it is exposed to acid rain and fumes from passing automobiles and overshadowed by buildings of inferior taste; but, with trust in the future, the Pantheon will survive. We will write a custom essay on The Pantheon specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Unrecognized, the design of this ancient concrete building reveals unparalleled features not encountered in modern designstandards. Recent studies reveal several major cracks in the dome, but it still functions unimpaired. This condition will surely excitethe curiosity of our structural engineers. The building was built entirely without steel reinforcing rods to resist tensile cracking, sonecessary in concrete members, and for this concrete dome with a long span to last centuries is incredible. Today, no engineerwould dare build this structure without steel rods! Modern codes of engineering practice would not permit such mischief. Noinvestor with knowledge of concrete design would provide the funding. Additional constraints when attempting to build a structure as large as the Pantheon will be discussed later, but briefly they include the use of inadequate hand tools and unsafe lifting devices. I believe we can learn from this activity. Workers can build from a plan and can successful ly use their proven practices only if construction quality controls are maintained. History tells us that the Pantheon is a Greek word meaning to honor all Gods (particularly the Olympian divinities). It is ironic that our building has existed throughout many wars while being dedicated to all Gods; one can readily perceive this to be a temple for our one God. And, the Church has claimed this holy structure as a resting place for its most famous Popes, so we continue tohonor its magnificent divinity. The first incarnation of this ancient temple was built by Agrippa, the son-in-law of the Roman Emperor Augustus, about 27 B.C. Today, above the entrance carved in stone are the words M. AGRIPPA L. F. COS. TERTIUM FECIT which is translated,Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, in his third consulate, made it. Indeed, it is worth mentioning that Agrippas engineering talentswere used in building the famous Pont de Gard aqueduct in France. As with many cities, tragedy in the form of large fires such as those of 60, 64, 79, 100 and 110 A.D. seemed to strike Rome. Originally, many Roman buildings contained travertine (limestone rock) which easily cracked in fires. The first Pantheon wasseverely damaged and required replacement except for some parts of the lower porch section and foundation. The Pantheon was rebuilt by the Emperor Hadrian during the period 118 to 128 A.D. (a time given by Ward-Perkins).2 But theWard-Perkinss period is disputed by, Lugli who said the building was started sometime after 123 A.D. and was finished byEmperor Pius about 140 A.D.3 However, most of the bricks were made and placed in the Pantheon in 123 A.D., a date that themaker stamped on his bricks. This was discovered in 1892 by the French archaeologist, George Chedanne. It appears theconstruction of the rotunda walls took a period of 4 to 5 years, and the dome required a like period because of its height and themeager tools the Romans used. This long construction period was fortunate as it gave this pozzolan concrete ample time to cureand gain strength. Was the second temple like the first? Yes, the fundamental principle of the old Roman religion required that the temples be rebuilt without changes in original form. Tradition required that the main entrance face north, and thus the whole building was oriented on the north-south axis of the building. A description of its structural features is separated into the configuration, foundation ring, circular walls, and dome to more clearly define various components. How these pieces are unique in view of todays design requirements will be discussed shortly. .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c , .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c .postImageUrl , .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c , .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c:hover , .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c:visited , .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c:active { border:0!important; } .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c:active , .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3d21db72b76ae454e111ae537f589b3c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Economic Globalization EssayBodyThe Pantheon is one of the great spiritual buildings of the world. It was built as a Roman temple and later consecrated as a Catholic Church. Its monumental porch originally faced a rectangular colonnaded temple courtyard and now enfronts the smaller Piazza della Rotonda. Through great bronze doors, one enters one great circular room. The interior volume is a cylinder above which rises the hemispherical dome. Opposite the door is a recessed semicircular apse, and on each side re three additional recesses, alternately rectangular and semicircular, separated from the space under the dome by paired monolithic columns. The only natural light ent ers through an unglazed oculus at the center ofthe dome and through the bronze doors to the portico. As the sun moves, striking patterns of light illuminate the walls and floors of porphyry, granite and yellow marbles. Inside the PantheonThe building design is one of a large round shape very much like a large barrel with a dome covering the top. There is a light-well in the center of the dome. Layers of beautiful thin brickwork cover the outside, round walls. Small access holes appear occasionally in the wall which were used during construction to frame interior voids. The main entrance is thoroughly impressive:double bronze doors 21 feet high (6.4 meters), a lasting and fitting contribution from their metal smiths. These doors are protectedby a high, broad porch, made with 16 well arranged granite columns supporting a gable styled roof. The beams in the roofstructure of the porch are wooden. They were substituted for bronze members stripped-out by those in later years needing metal for their canons. Professional Roman surveyors located the inlaid marble floor to conform with a convex contour which drainedaway the rain from the oculus for these hundreds of years. In the following descriptions, some general dimensions are given to indicate the magnitude of this undertaking by the Romans. The rotunda has a rather awesome inner diameter of 142.4 feet (43.4 m), made mostly of concrete. Comparatively speaking, this distance represents about one half the length of our football field. And from the floor to the top of the opening in the dome is the same distance. As a matter of fact, we could think of the design of this building as one that could contain a theoretical ball some 143 feet in diameter. The design is not entirely unusual because there are other Roman buildings which have a similar configuration, but the size is unusual. Other buildings such as the Temple of Mercury (71 feet/21.5 m diameter) at Baiae and Domitian Nympheaum at Albano (51 feet/15.6 m diameter) have domes of this type. The Pantheon still has the longest span constructed before the 19th Century. To provide details on this complex configuration, the following figures show the building with its two-ring foundation, voids in the walls, and the step-ring and coffer arrangement in the dome. FoundationThe Pantheon was built on marshy, unstable earth which gave a serious supporting problem to its builders. The Jutland Archaeological Society described in detail various aspects of the ring foundation; they found it rested on a bed of bluish colored river clay.8 This condition invited disaster, and in the final construction phase, the foundation cracked at the two ends of the North-South axis. If one section of a building settles slightly faster and lower than an adjacent section, very large bending stresses are initiated at a point between these two sections which can crack the concrete. And uneven settling was the problem given to the builders. The present-day engineering solution to this type of foundation problem is to drive piles through the clay to bedrock so the building will be firmly supported all the way around. The Roman builders chose a different approach. They built a second ring to hold the first ring from cracking further and to give the clay more area to support the structure. It worked becausethe building has lasted over 1800 years. .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b , .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b .postImageUrl , .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b , .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b:hover , .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b:visited , .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b:active { border:0!important; } .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b:active , .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u48ec6d0362e82b71bb10e6e698c7826b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Helping Others: Ian in "Shattered" by Eric Walters EssayIn addition to keeping the crack from extending, the builders placed buttress walls on the south side opposite the massive porch. This acted as a clampng device; and although the structural projection appears to be an additional room, it only serves the purpose of being part of the clamp. These rings are made of pozzolan concrete consisting of travertine pieces in layers held together by a mortar of lime and pozzolan. This will be discussed later in this work. Interestingly enough, the Jutland Societys investigation showed the foundation material had become rock hard,11 a case we might expect when we study the chemistry of pozzolanic reaction under these conditions. How It Stands upThe challenge of determining stresses within various sections of the Pantheon has always excited both architects and engineers who are interested in the building. Technical design people recognized that the long 143 foot span of the ancient dome could have critical stress concentrations leading to a catastrophic failure of the structure, but this has not happened. Nothing in life seems perfect, and this is the case with the Pantheon. The dome and walls have cracked. Concrete cracks under excessive tensile stress as viewed in a hoop condition. A. Terenzio, an Italian superintendent of monuments, documented cracking in the walls and dome duringhis inspection of the Pantheon in 1930. Terenzio identifies fractures `reaching from the base of the rotunda to the summit of the dome that he thought were brought about by differential settlement from uneven loading of the wall, particularly near the entrance of the rotunda in the principal niche. Rather than finding vertical differential settlement, we have observed only traces of lateral opening across the cracks corresponding to the effect of hoop tension. Terenzio believed cracking occurred shortly after construction because of dated brick repairs. The Mark and Hutchinson study showed that meridional cracking in the dome was in the lower half extending up to about 57 degrees from the horizontal on the spring line. An earlier stress analysis of this dome by Cowan theoretically placed this point at 37 degrees 36. This is the point where hoop stresses in the dome change from tension to compression presenting a point of weakness within the unreinforced concrete dome. This theoretical point is in reasonable agreement with the actual end of meridional cracking. The Mark and Hutchinson study located the cracks as occurring generally at the openings within the upper cylindrical wall which increased local tensile hoop stresses. In addition to dome, Terenzio mentioned that cracks in the walls extended upward from 24.6 feet (7.5 m) above the floor. The cracking pattern of the concrete in the Pantheon provides an unique stress configuration acting in the dome and walls. Mark and Hutchinson describe this picture as one in which the major internal forces in the cracked dome are only in the meridional direction, and this region serves as a series of arches which bears a common compression keystone in the form of the uncracked upper dome. The cracked walls serve as a series of independent piers to support these arches. Perhaps as insurance against som future dislocation, should we add a steel band around a step-ring? Although the building has survived centuries, this valuable, cracked landmark of Roman history should be protected against future earthquakes at a small cost. ConclusionAs you can tell the Pantheon was a great structure created by the Romans. I believe it has played a great role in Greek history. Even though this building is unpopular to many people, but this report proves that it is one of the greatest and most historical man made creation. BibliographyEncarta 95 EncyclopediaH. W. Cowan, The Master Builders. John Wiley and Son, New York, 1977Http://www.broyan/sor/index.pa-pr/Pantheon.html- Programmer: Jack M. Loudel

Evaluation Argument Essay Topics - Making the Most of Your Topic

Evaluation Argument Essay Topics - Making the Most of Your TopicThe best way to create an excellent evaluation argument essay topic is to know your own strengths and weaknesses. It is possible to take some of the burden off your writing skills by using these tips and pointers.First, think about the context in which the writer will be writing a particular argument. You can use this information when designing your topic. It is always good to make a list of all the points that you want to cover in your argument.Evaluation essay topics are always going to be unique, so you have to decide what makes you stand out from the rest. Each person has his or her own way of thinking and writing. As a result, some people's thoughts are different from other's. There are some important factors that a good writer should consider before submitting his argument.Second, use the proper method for writing a valid opinion. Using the wrong method is one of the most common mistakes that students make. Never r esort to poor spelling or incorrect grammar. Good writing skills are very much appreciated by employers and other writers.Third, focus on the attention-grabbing phrases. It is not necessary to read an entire chapter of a book to understand a concept. You only need to read the first few lines of a paragraph in order to get the idea.Fourth, writing is good, but not writing well is better, especially if it is the basis for a judgment. If you have created a topic that gives you a lot of hard work, you can have a lot of fun. This is especially true when you write based on personal experiences.Fifth, keep in mind the basic tips when using the correct formatting ofyour essay. It is vital that you check the content of your essay before you submit it. Other than that, keep in mind the style guidelines that you can find in the help section of your academic institution. It is also wise to look at the syllabus to learn about the format and style of your school's specific school of education.Six th, you can also share your own evaluation argument with a friend who is an expert in the same subject. By asking questions about your essay, you will gain valuable knowledge about the type of topic and technique that will suit your needs. It is essential that you obtain the information that you need before making a presentation of your work.

How to Say and Write I in Chinese

How to Say and Write I in Chinese The Chinese symbol for I or me is 我 (wÇ’). Easily remember how to write 我 by understanding the Chinese characters radicals and interesting etymology. Me Versus I While the English language has separate terms that differentiate between me and I, Chinese is simpler. One character, 我, represents both me and I in the Chinese language.   For example,  Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã© ¥ ¿Ã¤ ºâ€  (wÇ’ à ¨ le) means I am hungry. On the other hand,  Ã§ »â„¢Ã¦Ë†â€˜ (gÄ›i wÇ’) translates to give me. Radical The Chinese character  Ã¦Ë†â€˜ (wÇ’) is composed of 手 (shÇ’u), which means hand, and 戈 (gÄ“), which is a dagger-like tool.  In this case, 手 is used here in the form of æ‰Å', the hand radical.  Thus,  Ã¦Ë†â€˜ appears as a hand holding a little spear.   Pronunciation 我 (wÇ’) is pronounced using the third tone. This tone has a falling-rising quality. Character Evolution An early form of 我 showed two spears crossing. This symbol evolved into its present form over time. Depicting a hand holding a spear, the Chinese character for I is a  symbol of ego assertion and therefore an appropriate representation of â€Å"I or me.† Mandarin Vocabulary With WÇ’ Here are five examples of common Chinese phrases that incorporate the character,  Ã¦Ë†â€˜: 我們 traditional / 我ä » ¬ simplified (wÇ’ men) - We; us; ourselves 我è‡ ªÃ¥ · ± (wÇ’ zà ¬ jÇ ) - Myself 我的 (wÇ’ de) - Mine 我明ç™ ½ ( wÇ’ mà ­ngbi) - I understand 我ä ¹Å¸Ã¦Ëœ ¯ (wÇ’ yÄ›shà ¬) - Me too

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 9

Economics - Essay Example Economics as an existing discipline which relies on meticulous argument styles. Its objectives cover the formulation of theories that have more sound theoretical grounding and are simpler in the manner of explaining economic phenomena. Frequently the explanation starts with a plain framework which depicts the relationships of the variables . The complexities are locked away in the assumption of ceteris paribus or all equality of all other variables. An example is moneys quantity theory , which posits a positive assocoiation among the money supply and price level, ceteris paribus. The theory can be put to test by utilizing economic data, like the price index of GDP and a calculation of the supply of money; for example, bank deposits along with currency. Its quantitative methodologies facilitate the impact of opposing rationalizations and challenge to fine-tune for extraneous effects. Of late, the utilization of experiments on economics has been very progressive; thus making it compara ble to the natural sciences. Microeconomics examines the agents economic performance as well as firms and individuals, their connections through the given insufficiency, character markets and administration guideline. For a product there is a market specified, for instance a corn which is a factor of manufacture called bricklaying. Aggregating of the amount required by buyers and the number provided by sellers at each probable unit price is measured by the theory. It weaves these together to explain how an advertise may arrive at the equilibrium as to the amount or price that responds to the market change over the time. Demand-and-supply analysis is the general termed. Market structures such as domination and perfect competition is examined which is implied as a financial competence or behavior. The proceeds remains unchanged based on the analysis from the simplifying statement that behavior in the market it is the so

Financial accounting (Asset, liability, revenue, expense and sale) Essay

Financial accounting (Asset, liability, revenue, expense and sale) - Essay Example Further those are classified as tangible or intangible assets. Use of fixed assets is written off to profit and loss account as depreciation. Liabilities are of two types, namely current liabilities and non- current liabilities. Liabilities whose obligation to pay arise within a period of twelve months or in a business cycle are called current liabilities. These are classified in balance sheet on liabilities side as ‘current liabilities’ and also include the current obligations (arising within 12 months) of long term liabilities. It may also be shown as deduction from current assets in order to calculate net current assets. Long term liabilities or non- current liabilities are those are due to be paid beyond a period of twelve months or a business cycle. These are shown separately than current liabilities on liability side of balance sheet. Expenses: Expenses generally result from increases in liabilities or decreases in assets. For example rent for use of business premises increases the current liabilities and thus results in expenses. Expenses are deducted from total revenue or income in an income statement or profit and loss account in order to compute profits or losses during an accounting period. Expenses may be revenue expenditure or non- revenue expenditure Revenue expenses are used to compute profits or losses of the business. Non- revenue expenses are generally added to assets in respect of which those are incurred. Sale: Sale of goods takes place on transfer of ownership to the buyer and receipt of value or claim to the sales value of such goods. Sales are recognized as revenue from regular business of entity. The goods dealt in are those in the regular course of business of the entity. Sale is treated as revenue or income in the profit and loss account for purpose of calculation of profit or loss earned during the accounting period. Sales that are

Video game and internet cafes Essay Example for Free

Video game and internet cafes Essay Over the years, there had been a growing concern in the effect of study habits of the college students where they get addicted and drown themselves into the game itself. The youth of today no longer seem to spend their leisure activities like in the olden days; outdoor games or playing sports, instead, they spend their free time in their homes, internet cafes or computer shops simply to satisfy their hunger; and that hunger is Online Gaming. Online gaming has such a profound impact on not only the young, but dynamically every age group as well. So far, virtually anyone is able to go on a computer and punch through the keys and mouse in order to get a high score, chat with players, get the rarest items, and level up as fast as possible. Yes, there seems to be no restriction as to whom, how or what online gaming can extend to. As in any situation where new technology is introduced, the social impact of the Internet is being looked at. One social problem that has been observed is that the Internet cafe has become mainly game centres. About one-half to two-thirds of the computers in a typical Internet cafe, according to one study, are devoted to games like violent and gory games. The use of the remaining computers was roughly split between browsing, email, online chat, word processing and research. The Internet cafes have become not just game centres. They are becoming centres of addiction among the youth, mostly boys. Objective -The Positive Effects of Online Gaming -The Negative Effects of Online Gaming -Is there a cure for Online Gaming addiction? Significance of the Study The intention of this topic is to give awareness to my fellow students on how Online Gaming will affect our study habit and also our performances in academics , job and actions towards family and friends , and ourselves. Scope of limitation Because some places here in the Philippines does not yet have any computers and internet yet and not all Filipinos use computer or does not have and not knowledgeable on computer, My scope of limitation is within Metro Manila only.

Epidemic Outbreaks in Africa Essay -- Health Medical Disease History E

Epidemic Outbreaks in Africa One of the most devastating and frightening diseases to encroach on unsuspecting African communities is the deadly Ebola virus. This virus was believed to have first reared its ugly head in the mid 1970s with outbreaks in both the Sudan and Zaire. These epidemics resulted in more than 600 cases of people infected, and had alarming case fatality rates as high as 90 percent.1 Such profound numbers drove fear and panic into the hearts of the local population, with people confused and frightened about losing the entire members of their family. Yet, despite the severity of the 1970s outbreak, Ebola managed to remain fairly quiet for the next several years until a group of outbreaks occurred in the mid 1990s in northeast Gabon as well as Zaire. Several years later conveying the same sense of palpable fear, Ebola once again, entered the stage, this time around in Uganda in the year 2000.2 As a student volunteer working for a charitable health organization in Gulu, Uganda that summer, the reality of death and the effects of the disease consumed my thoughts as I pondered the risks I was taking each passing day by just being in the middle of an epidemic. Ten new suspected cases were diagnosed daily at the local hospital, and the medical staff were challenged by the overwhelming workload. Surgical supplies ran low as the need to constantly dispose of protective wear after each exposure occurred, due to the high contagious nature of the rapidly spreading virus. The smell of bleach and disinfectant pierced our nostrils, as our rubber boots and gear were sprayed down after any contact with the infected. The scene conveyed a sense of despair and uncertainty, as people questioned what had they done to... ... 5 Simpson, 11. 6 Ibid. 7 Smyth. 8 Vidal, 5. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid., 6. 11 Ibid., 8. Works Cited: Associated Press. "Ebola Virus Outbreak Kills 37" The Guardian, 18 October 2000: B7+ McCarthy, Michael. "Ebola Outbreak Continues in Uganda," The Lancet 356 (2000): Science & Medicine section. Recer, Paul. "Sick Animals May be Source of Ebola" Associated Press Online, 15 January 2004: 1+ Simpson, D.I.H. "Marburg and Ebola Virus Infections: A Guide for Their Diagnosis, Management, and Control," WHO Offset Publication 36 (1997): 5-27 Smyth, Garry. "Six days in Hell: City Man Films Ebola Virus," St. John's Telegram (Newfoundland), 14 November 2000: sec. news; p.1. Front. Vidal, John. "Life: Mostly They Died, Ebola Devastates Whole Villages, But We Do Not Know Where it Comes From" The Guardian (London), 17 June 2004: 4-8.