Agency theory linked to management accounting Essay

Agency theory linked to management accounting - Essay Example The behavioural premise of the innovative financial-economic theory is based contradict to the thoughts of trustiness, faithfulness, loyalty, stewardship, and care for others that motivate the conventional principal-agent association. The conventional conception of agency is established on ethical measures. But the theory in the conventional sense is not possible as human beings are rational maximizers. Duska (1992) elucidates as: "To do something for another in a system geared to maximize self-interest is foolish. Such an answer, though, points out an inconsistency at the heart of the system, for a system that has rules requiring agents to look out for others while encouraging individuals to look out only for themselves, destroys the practice of looking out for others"Another point of view is that as individual rewards are openly connected to individual venture efficiency than collective rewards managers prefer individual motivation allocation (Hayes, 1976).Agency theory accepts tha t employees and employers have diverse ends, behave in a self-interested way, and are eager to presume altering points of risk. In this paper, a review of how incentive remuneration plans can help create a commonality of interest between the two groups is examined.The agency theory presumes that the agent and the principal are self-interested and try to make the most of their gains in their relationship. A simple instance is the case of a store manager who acts as an agent of the owner. The store manager desires for as much rewards for his work as possible that too for as little work as feasible. But at the same time the store owner would look for the manager to work the maximum for a very little pay as possible. This premise drops the themes of honesty and commitment from the agency association as their inappropriateness with the basic theory of balanced maximization. According to DeGeorge (1992) "The job of agency theory is to help devise techniques for describing the conflict inh erent in the principal-agent relationship and controlling the situations so that the agent, acting out of self-interest, does as little harm as possible to the principal's interest". In reality management accounting study has an extended past of researching how incentives sway behaviour (Luft & Shields 2003; Bonner & Sprinkle 2002; and Young & Lewis 1995). Organisations have from a very long time made use of incentives as a means for adjusting the involvements of managers and of employees with the interests of the firm and its shareholders. For instance, in the 1980s, CEO Roger Smith brought in operation dependent pay to the line workers at GM. Thus when GM was doing well, the workers also was doing well (Business Week, 1900). One primary anxiety for managers who want to stimulate their workers is how to allocate financial motivators among team members(Ramaswami & Singh, 2003). Particularly, managers have to settle on, amid other things, (1) How much contingent dependent remuneration should be (2) How financial inducements should be allotted among the workers. The sharing of performance payoffs is mainly motivating and brings forth much academic dispute about suitable allotment rules (Meindl, 1989). Incentive Plans Performance plans extend the managers' verdict sphere by rewarding them on the attainment of some accounting-based events over a period running from three to six years instead of current annual performance (Kumar and Sopariwala, 1992; Enis, 1993). Actually plans based on performance are of two types: performance unit plan or performance share plan. Healy & Wahlen (1999) stated that market anticipations, management reward and rigid interference were the principal components attractive earnings management. Fields et al (2001, p. 260) states that "when managers exercise their discretion over the accounting numbers with or without restrictions". In reality managers or agents are motivated to maximise the firm's value

Destiny, Fate and Free

Destiny, Fate and Free Will Essay Really an entity such as destiny or fate that exists? Does each and â€Å"everyone† of us have a destiny, â€Å" A set of predetermined events within our lives that we take an active course in shaping† Or a fate, â€Å"The preordained course of your life that will occur because of or in spite of your actions,† and as you/one would expect, the obvious existence of our own free will, â€Å"The power of acting without the constraint of necessity or fate; the ability to act at one’s own discretion. † Here, in a conversation between Forrest Gump and his Momma, we get an authentic and ordinary question about destiny and fate that most of us in all likelihood would ask. Not only in the question, â€Å"What’s my destiny,† but also in the statement, â€Å"Death is just a part of life,† it illustrates that the two are connected with each other. The choices you make are your destiny, and will ultimately lead you through the path to meet your death, (fate). As Forrest stands there looking down, wondering how sick his Momma is. He queries. â€Å"Why are you dying momma? † She looks up at him, and with a great expression of love. She expresses. â€Å" It’s my time. It’s just my time. Oh now, don’t you be afraid, sweetheart. Death is just a part of life. It’s 2 something we’re all destined to do. I didn’t know it, but I was destined to be your momma. I did the best I could. † As he responds with an acceptable assertion. â€Å" You did good, Momma. † â€Å" Well, I happened to believe you make your own destiny. † â€Å" What’s my destiny, Momma? † â€Å" Life is like a box of chocolates, Forrest. You never know what your going to get. † (Winston Groom) Destiny is more complex to come by than fate, because it involves the inner working’s of ones psyche. We advance on the road to our destiny when we tread the path of individuation. Destiny can involve choices that make no sense; risks that we’d rather not take; challenges that make us want to squirrel away under a rock; and certain moments in time that push us past our limits. Just as in the comment that Momma say’s to Forrest, â€Å"Life is like a box of chocolates. You never know what your going to get,† Is a good paradigm of the choices that we must all make. As we delve into the conversation between Forrest and his Momma. We begin to understand that the choices we make are part of our destiny which leads us to our fate’s end. Most of us believe in a higher power greater than ourselves; that something else is in control of our lives, and as we explore into the undeniable emergence of our fate. â€Å"The inescapable destiny of man. † We are compelled to go back millennia, to the times of mythological gods, and look at the Moirai. The Moirai were the three mythological goddesses of fate, They directed the symbolic thread of life of every mortal from birth to death. Clotho, â€Å"The spinner† spun the thread of life from her distaff onto her spindle. Lachesis, â€Å"The allotter† or drawer of lots, measured the thread 3 of life allotted to each person with her measuring rod. Atropos, â€Å"The inevitable† was the cutter of the thread of life. She chose the manner of each persons death; and when their time was come, she cut their life-thread with, Her abhorred shears. † The Moirai were autonomous, even though they had command of one’s fate appointed to them by the perpetual laws. They were responsible for making sure that fate would take it’s sequence in life without hindrance. They did not abruptly interfere in the matters of man, even man himself, in his freedom was allowed to exercise a certain amount of influence in his fate by the choices he makes. As a man’s fate end’s with his death, the goddesses of fate essentially become the goddesses of death. â€Å"Each player must accept the cards life deals him or her. But once they are in hand, he or she alone must decide how to play the cards in order to win the game. † (Voltaire) Within this quote made prominent by the prolific writer Voltaire. It conveys to us that this game of life is full of choice’s, and how we make the decision’s of witch path to follow define’s the measurement of our success in the game of life. Just as the Moirai do not interfere with our life, but allow us to make our own choice’s. Even though the two words are used in similar manners, fate and destiny can be distinguished. Paradoxically when the two words are used to mean the same thing, fate often assumes a negative association as is emphasized by the similar words â€Å"fatal,† â€Å"fateful,† and â€Å"fatalism. † Destiny traditionally suggests a more positive conclusion, such as people being more in control of their destinies. As we take in the considerations of destiny and fate; now we must consider the aspect of free will, â€Å"The power of acting without the constraint of necessity or fate; the ability to act at 4 one’s own discretion. † What free will tries to account for, is our introverted belief that we are in control of many of our choices, and thus our destiny-that we are free to think and choose for ourselves. We consciously make choices and decisions that are far more independent than that of nature and nurture than any animals. We have the conscious ability to think of the consequences of our choices, whether good or bad. These are the meaningful differences that lead to the idea of free will. I wear the chain I forged in life. I made it link by link, and yard by yard; I girded it on of my own free will, and of my own free will I wore it. (Charles Dickens) In conclusion, fate is predestined. Everyone’s life is fated to it’s termination; to meet his maker; to finally be judged; and even though we cannot conquer fate, we can accept the fact that our future lies within our own selves and not within the hands of fate. We do not let fate decide our future. We have the power to make choices by being the creator and writer of our own destiny. We have the power of free will. The way you wear the chain that you have forged link by link, and yard by yard is completely up to you. Just remember that you girded it of your own free will, and it is you solely that will have to wear it.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis :: Essays Papers

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Introduction Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been present in the human population for thousands of years; fragments of the spinal column from Egyptian mummies from 2400 BCE show definite pathological signs of tubercular decay. Called "consumption," tuberculosis was recognized as the leading cause of mortality by 1650. Using a new staining technique, Robert Koch identified the bacterium responsible for causing consumption in 1882. While scientists finally had a target for fighting the disease, they did not have the means to treat patients; the spread of infection was controlled only by attempting to isolate patients. At the turn of the twentieth century, more than 80% of the population in the United States was infected before age 20, and tuberculosis was still the leading cause of death. The production of antibiotics in the 1940’s allowed physicians to begin effectively treating patients, leading to huge drops in the death rate of the disease. Tuberculosis is still a major cause of mortality in young adults worldwide, but is less of a problem in developed countries. Microbiological characteristics Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a nonmotile, acid-fast, obligate aerobe. The bacilli are 2-4 um in length and have a very slow generation time of between 15 and 20 hours. The cell wall of the mycobacterium is unique in that it is composed mainly of acidic waxes, specifically mycolic acids. M. tuberculosis is unusually resistant to drying and chemicals, contributing to the ease with which it is transmitted. Encounter/Entry Tuberculosis is transmitted by inhalation of aerosols containing the tubercle bacilli. The required inoculum size for infection is usually high, but easily occurs with exposure to a patient who is currently infected. The products of dried aerosols, droplet nuclei, are particularly infectious because they remain in the air for an extended time, and upon inhalation easily move to the alveoli. The severe damage related to infection is caused by the reaction of the host. The tuberculosis infection has two phases, primary and secondary. Primary infection Primary tuberculosis is the initial infection of the host, usually being mild and asymptomatic. A healthy person recently infected with the mycobacterium may exhibit flu-like symptoms and has no reason to suspect tuberculosis. Left untreated, the bacilli infect and multiply within pulmonary alveolar macrophages, migrating to the hilar lymph nodes. An immune response is exhibited by the T-helper cells, and inflammation develops at multiple sites. A person may test positive in the tuberculin skin test at this point, and a chest x-ray may shows opacities in the lungs.

What to the Slave Is The Fourth Of July? Essay -- Fredereick Douglasss

Frederick Douglass's "Fourth of July" Speech is the most famous speech delivered by the abolitionist and civil rights advocate Frederick Douglass. It attracted a crowd of between five hundred and six hundred. Douglass’s speech to the slaves on the Fourth of July served to show the slaves that there is nothing for them to celebrate. They were not free and the independence that the rest of the country celebrated did not apply to them. In his speech he tries to make white people consider the behavior of black people. Specially their feelings towards a national occasion such as Independence Day. At the time of Douglass’s speech America were actually two different nations, white and black. Two separated nations one had great benefits after the independence and another still fight for basic human rights. What does the independence means for people who still suffer after it? This question is the most important. In the Declaration of Independence. He is implying that these rights are not being extended to African Americans. When this country was created it was meant to be a plac...

Black Widow Killers

Black Widow Killers The Baby Butcher strikes again! This could have been the heading of the local paper in the late 1800s, when a small child was found floating down the river in a small town in Great Britain. Amelia Dyer was known as â€Å"The Baby Butcher† during the nineteenth century because of her brutal killings of infants and young children. When asked why she committed these sadistic murders she, replied with â€Å"I was sending them to God† (Rattle, Vale, & Rennell, 2007). Historically serial killers have been around for centuries.Although most of these have been men, females account for the most sadistic killings. Why does society find it more likely that a man can kill then a woman? When naming a male serial killer such as Charles Manson, Ted Bundy, or Jack the Ripper, most people probably can name at least one victim. On the other hand mention the name Elizabeth Bathory who murdered more then 300 young women, then bathed in their blood with the belief that h er beauty would be restored. Maria Jager murdered a large number of children and adults for profit and thrills while held prisoner in Hungry.In 1912, Louise Lindoff poisoned her entire family for insurance money. Other victims of female serial killers ranged from small children to grown adults for a number of various reasons. Females could commit murder the same as men. Money, power, lust, revenge, pleasure, or even what they believe is higher powers are among the reasons females decide to kill. According to Peter Vronsky, the author of Serial Killers: The method and madness of monsters, â€Å"When women commit violence the only explanation offered has been that it is involuntary, defensive, or the female physiology.Postpartum depression, premenstrual syndrome, and menopause have been included among the named culprits (2007). Being an outsider or rejected by society as a child could also play a huge role concerning serial killers. A majority of serial killers both male and female s uffer from psychopathic disorders, this is currently called antisocial personality disorder or ASPD (Vronsky p52 pp5). Most serial killers begin developing daydreams or fantasies during childhood. Some of these even begin to torture or kill small animals (Vronsky p4 pp5). A stressful or unstable family life is a ajor factor in most killers. The definition of a serial killer differs from person to person. In 1998, the United States Congress passed a federal law titled: Protection of Children from Sexual Predator Act of 1998. Title 18, United States Code, Chapter 51, and Section 1111, defines serial killing as: The term ‘serial killing’ means a series of three or more killings, not less than one of which was committed within the United States, having common characteristics such as to suggest the reasonable possibility that the crimes were committed by the same actor or actors. Federal Bureau of Investigation Symposium, 2005) The psychopathy of a serial murderer is mostly the same in each crime. They lack the sense of remorse or guilt, are impulsive, feel the need for control, and display predatory behavior (FBI Symposium, 2005). In the case of female killers these traits are acquired during a life changing event or even embedded in them as children. In such cases as Amelia Dyer or Elizabeth Bathory psychopathy played a major role. Not only is psychopathy a significant reason for serial killings there are several other significant reasons as well.Serial murderers kill for various reasons. Females, however, usually have an ulterior motive in mind when they choose and act upon their victims. These motives come from a variety of sources; money is the biggest reason for women to kill. They target men as victims when it comes to obtaining money. Life insurances policies are one of the biggest reasons why the men are targeted. Women also tend to prey on their families and even small children as a sense of release or freedom. Although these crimes are grues ome and uncalled for acts of violence, the majority of them do not go unpunished.Most serial killers are caught by law enforcement and sentenced to several years in prison. A few of these criminals are sentenced to death. In the late 1800s this would mean that the criminal would be hung in the town square in front of the entire town. Some crimes remain unsolved until the murderer dies of natural causes, which means they never, get caught or punished for their crimes. Even though cases are solved and criminals are prosecuted, theses crimes come at a cost for the families of the victims. Because the victims of female serial killers range in age, their killings affect many different people.Amelia dyer, killed infants whose mothers could not care for them. Elizabeth Bathory, killed young women of teenage years, these killings affected the mother’s of the victims and their families. People such as Maria Jager or Louise Lindoff killed mostly adults that left parentless children and many families with unanswered questions. Male or female serial killers are everywhere. He/She could be the lady next door or the man down the street. Motives and reasons are unclear for most serial killings and their mental states are mostly to blame. The victims of these killers can range in age, race, and gender.Remember, think twice in who trust is placed, because she may just become the next black widow killer. References Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2005). Serial Killer Symposium. Retrieved from http://www. fbi. gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder Morton, R. J. , & Hills, M. A. (2005, August). Serial Murders Multi-Disinplanary Perspectives for Investigators. Retrieved from http://www. fbi. gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder Vronsky, P. (2007). Female Serial Killers How and why women become monsters. New York, NY: The Berkley Publishing Group. Rattle, A. , Vale, A. , & Rennell, T. (2007). Amelia Dyer, Angel Maker.

Writing Effective Essays for Academic Admission

Writing Effective Essays for Academic Admission In 500 words or less, where would you like to see yourself, professionally, five years from now? the application asked.I attacked the assignment with relish. Getting into this prestigious universitys summer fellowship program was extremely important to me, and I wrote draft after draft, trying desperately to give the admissions committee exactly what it was looking for in this all-important essay. Finally, I sat down and took a good, long, critical look at each and every attempt, throwing my hands up in relative anguish. Oh, they all sounded perfectly acceptable. Some even sounded relatively eloquent. But, to me, not a one sounded†¦right.I began to wonder just what it was that the admissions committee was actually looking for in this essay, and I began to worry that maybe I really wasnt summer fellow material. But then, one of the high school seniors on my debate team happened to glance over my shoulder as he reached for a book Id told him he could borrow. Is that your applicati on essay? he asked. Can I read it?What could I lose?Hey, he challenged, narrowing his left eye. How about just practicing what you preach?Suddenly, it was clear. I had not trusted the advice that I had been giving to high school and college students for nearly twenty years. I had written an essay that could have been written by any one of a hundred other perfectly qualified applicants. I had tried to play it safe and write something professional and intellectual instead of really taking on the challenge of examining myself to determine just what it was that I wanted out of that academic experience. As a result, none of my attempts to engage in professionally correct writing had resulted in anything that provided a reader with a picture of me.A few days later, I gave that young man another draft to read, knowing full well that it was the one that would be included in my application packet, despite the fact that it consisted of 632 words on where I did not want to see myself, professi onally, five years hence. Even though I knew I hadnt followed the instructions to the letter, I knew I had embodied their spirit. I wrote honestly about who I was at that point in my life, a tired and even somewhat frustrated teacher. I wrote simply and directly about what I really did want out of that summer program- a jumpstart. And I was accepted. The lesson? Ah, yes: To thine ownself be true.Weve all been given similar advice about things like blind dates and interviews. Be yourself, weve been told by everyone from Mom to Ann Landers to ex-General Motors CEO, Lee Iacocca. And that advice holds true when it comes to writing essays for admission to academic programs.The sheer volume of material that admissions committee members must sift through on a daily basis today is staggering. When the bulk of what they are reading is carefully scripted to sound correct, it becomes extremely difficult for committee members to distinguish one candidate from another as they attempt to narrow f ive thousand equally qualified applicants down to a pool of five hundred.So, how can you make your essay stand out in that crowd of five thousand? Instead of trying to say something that you think committee members might want to hear, give them the information that they need in order to make clear choices. Most of the essay topics provided on applications these days ask writers to address, in one form or another, these two basic questions:Who are you?Why is this the right program for you?So, tell them who you are. Tell them what you want out of your next academic experience. Tell them why. Be honest. Be direct. Give details, scenes, moments from your own experience. And most of all, be yourself.Remember your Shakespeare: This above all, to thine ownself be true.

Software essays

Software essays Structured approach- follows the software development cycle. It follows the whole program and then divides it into steps that can be systematically followed to conclude to a solution. Each step must be completed before the next step is about to start as correcting each step is vital. The steps which take place in the structured approach are: The Structured approach is mostly used for complex programs. The advantages of this implementation are it is thoroughly testing, it meets the requirements of users and uses a range of experts. However the disadvantages are it is costly, time consuming and it requires a wide range of different skills. Prototyping approach- involves building a working model that is evaluated by users. The model is then modified and evaluated more to service the solution even further. Prototyping would be used in the manufacturing and engineering to produce an early version of a product. There are 2 types of prototypes used: information gathering and evolutionary. Information gathering prototypes are developed to gather information that can be used in another program. Evolutionary prototypes become the full working program. The advantages of the prototyping approach would be it is relatively fast development, and it models a larger project which allows easier modification for the end product. Disadvantages would be that it may be difficult to implement it as a full working program. Rapid applications approach- or RAD is ant method of software design that uses tools to quickly generate a program for a user. It uses existing modules to create a solution by using CASE tools (computer aided software engineering) to assist in the development of the program. The advantages of RAD are fast development, it is relatively cheap and can reuse code. The disadvantages are ...

Should Performance-Enhancing Drugs Be Banned In Sport Health Research Paper

Should Performance-Enhancing Drugs Be Banned In Sport Health Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Should Performance-Enhancing Drugs Be Banned In Sport Health Research Paper For an elite athlete winning is the drug of choice. Being the best however is addictive and can lead some to take performance-enhancing drugs. Sport being the business of athletes is defined as ‘conforming to set of rules for the activity while aiming to achieve excellence,’ with one of the universal ‘rules’ being the prohibition of performance-enhancing drugs, and with good reason. Doping, the colloquial term for athletes taking such drugs, is banned as it creates an uneven playing field. Doping is also quite dangerous to an athlete’s long-term health. Performance-enhancing drugs need to therefore remain banned in sport to keep the playing field level and also for the future health of athletes. Different performance-enhancing drugs cater for different purposes, as do drugs used medicinally. There are a whole range of different drugs existing for those wanting to improve their performance by increasing muscle mass and strength, increasing delivery of oxygen to tissues, masking pain, stimulating the body, relaxing, reducing weight or even masking the usage of other drugs. Despite some drugs providing the possibility of a higher level of competition, most drugs are banned outright at elite levels unless a legitimate clinical reason exists. On the surface performance-enhancing drugs simply assist and benefit the physical performance of athletes. By looking deeper it is clear that every drug has its downfall. Amphetamines for example act as a stimulant enabling athletes to stay alert longer, minimise fatigue and maintain aggressiveness. They work by making the heartbeat faster, the lungs breathe faster and the brain think faster. The negative side of this is that while the body is working at a faster rate, it is under a much higher level of stress. As a result, athletes may suffer nervousness, high blood pressure or convulsions. In extreme cases sudden death is also a possibility. Amphetamines overload the body, making it work unnaturally fast, and in some cases it is found the body is simply unable to cope. Similar dangers exist with athletes taking drugs to increase oxygen flow to tissues. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a popular drug exemplifying this. A naturally occurring protein hormone, EPO is made by the kidneys in low oxygen conditions. It acts by stimulating bone marrow cells to make more red blood cells, effectively increasing the delivery of oxygen to the kidneys. Theoretically EPO sounds beneficial to athletes, particularly endurance athletes, but once again places extra strain on the body. By increasing the production of red-blood cells EPO thickens the blood, forcing the heart to work harder. Use of EPO as a performance-enhancing drug can be linked to an increased likelihood of heart attack or stroke. Amphetamines and EPO are both a real threat to the legitimacy of athletic competition and the long-term health of the athletes themselves. They are not however very publicly well known. Androgen-anabolic steroids or AAS are by far the most infamous performance-enhancing drug. Derived from testosterone, steroids are notorious for their muscle building capabilities. They work by enhancing the transcription of specific genes. They act by binding with the androgen receptor within a cell. The complex is then translocated into the nucleus before binding with the DNA. The mRNA is then processed with an increased protein synthesis. The major anabolic affect of steroids, attractive to strength or power athletes, is an increased muscle fibre area. To achieve such effect however athletes must combine steroid use with strength training. Contrary to popular belief, steroid use on its own has a limited impact. Androgenic or negative effects of steroids are many. In both sexes jaundice and liver damage is common due to an increased metabolic load. Other side affects include fluid retention and high blood pressure. In males, increased levels of testosterone can act as negative feedback to the pituitary gland, decreasing spermatogenesis, natural testosterone and the luteinizing hormone. Males also experience baldness, gynecomastia and infertility. In females, steroid use can cause growth of facial hair, changes in or cessation of the menstrual cycle, breast atrophy and a thickening of the vocal chords (deepening the voice). Steroids also negatively affect the mental state of both genders and can lead to increased aggression, psychosis or depression. Comparing the anabolic to androgenic effects of steroids, it is surprising that athletes are still prepared to risk their health by taking steroids. The ends justifying the means, is a possible reason for athletes to take drugs, despite all the ready information on the dangers of drugs. An elite athlete is driven to win by a number of driving forces. A passion for their sport and a competitive spirit may be the initial motivating reason behind competing. Further down the track, the lure of prize money and lucrative sponsorship deals generally play a part. In some cases, the lure of fame and fortune become to strong, or too addictive, and athletes find themselves turning to illegal substances to get over the line. By investigating just three specific performance-enhancing drugs; amphetamines, EPO and steroids, it is clear that in general they impose dangerous long-term health risks. Drugs in sport however are not simply a biological dilemma. Ethics come into play where some believe that it is an athlete’s prerogative to choose whether or not they take drugs. But is it? As soon as one drug cheat enters the sporting arena all ‘clean’ athletes are immediately disadvantaged. Clean athletes are thus left in the position that they too must take drugs to remain competitive. To keep competition legitimate athletes must therefore take an ‘all for one and one for all’ stance on maintaining anti-doping laws. If the long-term health dangers are not succinct enough to prevent them from taking drugs, the impact it can have on their credibility should be. Professional sport needs to uphold its anti-doping laws or risk becoming a sad spectacle of simply who can pop the most pills. There are many substitutes to drug taking that athletes can employ to increase their performance. Diet, medicine, technology and coaching, already provide athletes with advantages, without endangering their long-term health. If nations or institutions wish to invest in sports sciences it should be to help athletes reach their individual peak physical condition, rather than push them beyond their natural limitations. Performance-enhancing drugs are dangerous to sport in reference to both health and reputation and therefore must remain banned. Bibliography http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Sports debatabase.org/details_print.asp?topicID=28 www.ausport.gov.au/asda http://espn.go.com/special/s/drugsandsports/steroids.html www.musclebuilder.com/ drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/messagesteroids305.html http://muscle.ucsd.edu/musintro/steroids.shtml http://muscle.ucsd.edu/musintro/stereff.shtml#anabolic http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/athletic-drug-test1.htm http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/athletic-drug-test3.htm http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/athletic-drug-test6.htm http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/athletic-drug-test7.htm Research Papers on Should Performance-Enhancing Drugs Be Banned In Sport Health Research PaperThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseGenetic EngineeringTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Hockey Game

Business paper review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business paper review - Essay Example At this point, the reader may become confused with regards to the exact problem being addressed, which may extend to the solutions being recommended for the problem. The progress report provides solid evidence that the writer has made progress on the report. For example, there is evidence that he has researched on the problem being addressed by locating training reports that are relevant from the training command website and from Navy Education. In addition, there is evidence that the writer interviewed experts relevant to the research problem, such as senior supervisors, while information was also sought from the junior sailors. The writer has also observed a formal instructor teaching at the transport support center. The writer also identifies what remains to be done, which is the formulation of solutions to current problems in acquiring technical skills among junior sailors. He also identifies finding enough time to read reports and conduct research as an issue facing the research, although this is not expected to affect the completion of the project on time. Finally, the writer also comments on changes to his work-schedule since beginning the project, although these changes are not identified. Overall, it is my opinion that the writer does provide convincing evidence on how the project is going. Kevin begins by providing the purpose for the progress report. The audience for whom the problem is to be solved is identified in the report as pet owners living in Berkshire SoCo apartment complex, as well as property management, owners, and all the residents of the apartment. The issue they are facing is also identified as problems with pet waste and litter that is found around the apartment, which is exacerbated by the high number of pets in the facility. However, the solution to the problem is not addressed in the introduction, although this is not confusing as the problem is already well posited. There is some evidence of progress made in

Post Revolutionary War Rebellions in America Research Paper

Post Revolutionary War Rebellions in America - Research Paper Example This Rebellion is named after Daniel Shay, a veteran of the revolutionary war who returned from the war to find that like most of the other farmers; he had also incurred a huge amount of debt in a short time. The farmers petitioned against the courts but the courts comprising of mostly wealthy merchants were unconcerned with the plight of the poor farmers. This unconcerned attitude of the wealthy merchants forced the farmers to rebel against the system and thus the rebellion took shape under the guidance of Daniel Shay and other leader such as Henry Gale, Luke Days, and Samuel Ely etc. While the rebellion ended with the execution of most of the rebels, the rebellion still made its mark on history. The government realized the impact of the need for a central government. Also this rebellion opened the eyes of many of the plight of the poor and their inability to demand any power in the system. In this paper, we will discuss how the disparity between the rich and the poor led to Shay’s rebellion and how Shay’s rebellion was similar to other rebellion because of the clash between the rich and the poor. We attempt to understand the rebellion by exploring disparity between the rich and the poor as a catalyst and cause of the rebellions. ... had taken loans from the merchants whom they were unable to pay because the low prices of the crops and the economic condition of the country after the Revolutionary War. In order to fund the Revolutionary War, the government had taken debts from war investors residing in different country. Due to the depression that usually follows a war; the government was unable to repay the loan on a timely matter. American owed 5 million to Britain and who demanded hard currency in the form of gold and silver. To relieve these loans, the government increased the taxes of the public. Since the Congress at that time had no power over the taxes, they pressurized the states to increase the taxes. While the taxes increased for everyone, the farmers felt the biggest burden since their taxes were the highest and they already belonged to the poor class. This unfair debt collection forced the farmers to rebel against the system as their earning only fulfilled the needs of their families and they did not have anything left to pay taxes with. Inflation was also on the rise after the revolutionary war since each state had started the practice of creating their paper currency. ‘During the war with Great Britain, Congress and the 13 states (formerly colonies) flooded paper currency into the economy, in an effort to meet the need for suppliers for the army and the militia’ (Danver, 208). This rendered the paper currency as worthless and led to an increase in inflation which may have benefited the rich merchants but was felt hard by the poor farmers. The farmers in order to pay their loans took debts from the local merchants. Since the farmers earned only enough to support their families, the debt continued to increase while the taxes were also increasing at a steady rate. Most of the

Effective Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Effective Advertising - Essay Example   Ã‚  Ã‚   Although marketers and creative directors may be thoroughly familiar with the rational approach and may have learned much about mnemonics and long-term memory, many are still in the dark regarding the unconscious side and motivation. What is presented here is the integration of all three aspects of advertising, leading to a totally integrated three-dimensional approach to advertising and marketing.   Ã‚  Ã‚   It is imperative to examine three-dimensional advertising and marketing in detail, especially with reference to the second dimension: motivation.    The First Dimension of Advertising and Marketing: Logic, Rationalizations, and Justifications   Ã‚   Logic and rationalization are the first dimension of advertising and the one that is the most familiar. They also are the most exploited dimension in advertising. That is because most marketing approaches are based upon traditional market research, and traditional market research asks people logical questions. Henc e, consumers respond accordingly: with logic and the left side of their brain. Since humans want to appear logical and rational, they give logical and rational answers. They respond not only to other people, but also to themselves. These are rationalizations. They may be true or untrue. They are what the consumer wants to believe, and they are what the consumer wants others to believe. Rationalizations are the most common form of advertising. They work either on the front end or as reinforcers, after the decision has been made. Rationalizations influence the emotions.... Hence, consumers respond accordingly: with logic and the left side of their brain. Since humans want to appear logical and rational, they give logical and rational answers. They respond not only to other people, but also to themselves. Typical of the answers and rationalizations that are given are: "I bought it because I'll never see it at that price again." "When these are all gone, there won't be any more." "These coupons cut the price nearly in half." "I really needed it." "The salesman offered me a deal I couldn't resist." "I bank at First because it's so convenient." "I like the people at the Apple Tree Restaurant; they're friendly and go out of their way to please." "Even though I have a two-hour commute to the city, the taxes are much lower out here." These are rationalizations. They may be true or untrue. They are what the consumer wants to believe, and they are what the consumer wants others to believe. Rationalizations are the most common form of advertising. They work either on the front end or as reinforcers, after the decision has been made. Rationalizations influence the emotions. They are obvious, and they are powerful. They are motivating.The problem is that at some point before the sale is made the consumer has to deal with emotion. Also, rationalizations do not feed into brand loyalty, positioning, unique selling, and marketing propositions. That is why people buy ABC instead of XYZ, and what has to be done to change them. Consumer decisions are based primarily on emotion and not reason. Even so, rationalizations are an important part of the purchasing process.Kowata and Buck ( 1995) illustrate the relationship between rationalizations and emotions (affect) in a cross-cultural study. According to these investigators,

Paper should be down on the country Ethopia Research

Should be down on the country Ethopia - Research Paper Example There are eighty six known indigenous languages in Ethiopia out of which 82 are spoken and 4 are extinct. The Amhara have been the dominant ethnic groups traditionally. Other ethnic groups have responded differently to different situations taking place in Ethiopia. The Standard of living refers to the well being. Well being is defined in terms of a state being healthy, happy and satisfied. It refers to the quality, degree of excellence, grade or distinguishing characteristics. In the context of Ethiopia it refers to mainly availability of resources/goals to satisfy basic needs. Standard of living has to do with having farm, land, farm implements and a house in rural settings, as well as having a job (employment) or business (income) in urban settings. Those people without these have a jeopardized standard of living The standard of living or the economy of Ethiopia started to grow by early 1970’s, and it diversified into areas such as manufacturing and services. Ethiopia is the 12th least developed country in the world (UNDP, 2007). The HDI for Ethiopia is 0.414 which ranks the country 171st out of 182 countries. The less than average score of HDI ~0.51 for Sub Saharan Africa is scored by Ethiopia. It made no improvement in its people’s standard of living as compared to earlier years. ... The PPP income of Ethiopia is 58% and is on 146th number among the other countries of the world. The standard of living reflected by the GDP, HDI and PPP values places Ethiopia behind 132 countries in having a better living standard. Inequality within the countries and between the countries is identified as one of the main barriers to human development (UNDP HDR, 2005). The inequality is a major problem in Ethiopia which includes major gender inequality and income inequality issues. Although Ethiopia remains one of the most tradition bound societies in Africa, the policy instruments and legislative commitments serving women’s interests, recently introduced a vast majority of Ethiopian women, particularly in rural areas, as far from being well off, independent, and direct beneficiaries of development initiatives. Women are considered inferior to men both in family life and society at large, following traditional socio cultural installations and practices. Polygamy, female genit al mutilation, and violence against women are very common in Ethiopia. Many urban and rural women believe that their husbands have a right to beat them. About 73 percent of Sub Saharan Africans live on less the US$2 per day (UNDP, 2011). The UNDP has launched a pro-poor initiative to boost job creation through pro business development that engages low income Africans e.g. customers, employees, producers or entrepreneurs. This initiative includes African countries like Ethiopia, Kenya, Angola and Malawi. 12 million people in 44% population are chronically or at least periodically poor and food insecure. A large percentage of Ethiopians are under nourished, and majority of the

Employment Relationship-Shewin Memorandum Essay

Employment Relationship-Shewin Memorandum - Essay Example For the past 6 years, she is in the same cadre. During 8 years of service, she was in the reporting line of George Doright, who was enjoying the fame of very competent, energetic and a good character boss. In the later years, the new management came in and started the process of re-organizing / re-structuring of the organization for a better performance. Accordingly, the management repositioned the location of Doright and he was transferred to another division to accomplish the assigned tasks. During the process of re-organization of the company, two editors stand retired leaving a vacuum behind them to be filled in. After mentioned development in the organization, she was transferred to work under the subordination of infamous Arthur King, the Senior Editor of Blabber. During the incumbency of King, she had to suffer a lot because she was not ready to meet the sexual desire of King. Issues After the retirement of two editors from the company, she was expecting for the said position. Despite having expertise and experience, which requires for a vacant position, she was not considered for the same. However, to fulfill the formalities of promotional requirement, she was just called for an interview. The outcome of the interview was nothing but sheer wastage of time. After a lapse of reasonable period of time in her organization, last month, she applied for a junior level position of Editor. It meant that in spite of all odds, she did not give up her hope for a respectable status in the organization, which she did not get due to obvious reasons. It is strange to note that for the vacant position, she has been interviewed by King, the Editor of Blabber, in a restaurant rather than in his office. The interview was against her expectation and she was not comfortable with the interviewer since the questions asked in the mock interview of personal nature instead of professional. The most questions revolved about her personal life and about her boy friend. She lost her confidence the way interview was conducted and of course gave up her hope for the position for which she applied for. It is interesting to note that after few weeks of conducting interview of Shewin by King, the senior Editor instead of promoting her for the post, hired the services of Gene Whiz, an outsider for the advertised vacancy although Gene has no comparison with Shewin in terms of age, qualification, working experience and expertise. Gene was just 26 years old, did her master in journalism the other day from the University of Chicago and joined local newspaper of small size to work as a reporter. Factors The self analysis of Shewin concerning key factors that disqualified her for the position applied for are: a) promotion of three women in the upper strata of management that took place before re-organization / restructuring process b) King had no role in the promotion decision c) She refused to join King outside business premises to discuss business invitations since his lu st for women / bad reputation was not hidden from anybody in the company d) filing of complaints against her male counter parts while Doright was in office about their attitude of discussing their dates with girlfriends in graphics details loudly the next Monday morning of each weekend e) Doright, the then incumbent, reprimanded her male counter parts for their mentioned deeds f) five African American senior

Paper should be down on the country Ethopia Research

Should be down on the country Ethopia - Research Paper Example There are eighty six known indigenous languages in Ethiopia out of which 82 are spoken and 4 are extinct. The Amhara have been the dominant ethnic groups traditionally. Other ethnic groups have responded differently to different situations taking place in Ethiopia. The Standard of living refers to the well being. Well being is defined in terms of a state being healthy, happy and satisfied. It refers to the quality, degree of excellence, grade or distinguishing characteristics. In the context of Ethiopia it refers to mainly availability of resources/goals to satisfy basic needs. Standard of living has to do with having farm, land, farm implements and a house in rural settings, as well as having a job (employment) or business (income) in urban settings. Those people without these have a jeopardized standard of living The standard of living or the economy of Ethiopia started to grow by early 1970’s, and it diversified into areas such as manufacturing and services. Ethiopia is the 12th least developed country in the world (UNDP, 2007). The HDI for Ethiopia is 0.414 which ranks the country 171st out of 182 countries. The less than average score of HDI ~0.51 for Sub Saharan Africa is scored by Ethiopia. It made no improvement in its people’s standard of living as compared to earlier years. ... The PPP income of Ethiopia is 58% and is on 146th number among the other countries of the world. The standard of living reflected by the GDP, HDI and PPP values places Ethiopia behind 132 countries in having a better living standard. Inequality within the countries and between the countries is identified as one of the main barriers to human development (UNDP HDR, 2005). The inequality is a major problem in Ethiopia which includes major gender inequality and income inequality issues. Although Ethiopia remains one of the most tradition bound societies in Africa, the policy instruments and legislative commitments serving women’s interests, recently introduced a vast majority of Ethiopian women, particularly in rural areas, as far from being well off, independent, and direct beneficiaries of development initiatives. Women are considered inferior to men both in family life and society at large, following traditional socio cultural installations and practices. Polygamy, female genit al mutilation, and violence against women are very common in Ethiopia. Many urban and rural women believe that their husbands have a right to beat them. About 73 percent of Sub Saharan Africans live on less the US$2 per day (UNDP, 2011). The UNDP has launched a pro-poor initiative to boost job creation through pro business development that engages low income Africans e.g. customers, employees, producers or entrepreneurs. This initiative includes African countries like Ethiopia, Kenya, Angola and Malawi. 12 million people in 44% population are chronically or at least periodically poor and food insecure. A large percentage of Ethiopians are under nourished, and majority of the

Body Ritual among the Nacirema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Body Ritual among the Nacirema - Essay Example It has similarly attracted many anthropologists whose concern is to identify and to expose the special unique practices (Murdock, p. 506) their practices embrace the limits to which people’s behavior could explore. The name Nacirema would be reversed to mean American and in that context the majority of the outsiders actually consider them total reverse due to their strange and unique practices. In addition to that, the culture of body ritual among the Nacirema asserts that the body is quite in an ugly state and is vulnerable to diseases and infections. These are a major concern since man intends to make the body appealing, stronger and resistant to illness. And this they believe can be countered through a series of rituals and traditional ceremonies. In respect to that, every household owns a shrine indoors for these purposes. The amount of the shrines owned by a household would, therefore be dependent on their social status and economic depth. For instance, the opulence of a family is based on the number of ritual shrines that they posses. Most houses of the Nacirema group of individuals are made of daub and wattle. However, the shrines are built with strong magnificent stones an illustration of the special attachments and considerations of the shrines.this may seem so public but the rituals of every family secret to its members. Among the many daily body rituals performed include the mouth rite. It entails an insertion of a smaller hog of hair pieces into the mouth accompanied with a powder that is magical and ultimately running the bundle in precious formalized routines of gestures. Another mouth rite, though done once or two times a year, is the private mouth rite. The procedure looks scarier and is a visual torture to most anthropologists who dare to unveil the practice. It involves more paraphernalia that consists of probes, augers

A Red, Red Rose Essay Example for Free

A Red, Red Rose Essay Robert Burns wrote â€Å"A Red, Red Rose† and edited by Peter Urbani. It was first in printed in 1794 in A Selection of Scots Songs. This was shown in ballad stanzas because it was composed with four – line stanzas or quatrains, having alternating tetrameter and trimeter lines which emphasized that the first and third lines of each stanza had four stressed syllables, or beats whereas the second and fourth lines had three stressed syllables. The line of this poem â€Å"Thats sweet / ly playd / in tune† was an example of iambic meter in which the first syllable was unstressed and the second was stressed. The implication of this poem was about the thoughts and descriptions of love in a way that exceeded beyond the non – literary sources from which the verse was drawn. The poet first similarly declared his love in a blooming rose in spring and then in a melody â€Å"sweetly play’d in tune. † For me, these similes indicated the beauty and happiness of being in love. The metaphor â€Å"sands o’ life† pointed out the eternal nature of the writer’s love that explained the extent of his love. There were much imagery mentioned here like the color red that meant love and passion and the exquisite image of the rose was represented by the recapitulation of the color â€Å"red. † The word â€Å"Newly Sprung† intended for his sincere and great love. As I analyzed this piece, I obtained the knowledge and information about the true meaning of love. The way he illustrated his love, I observed that for him it was precious and worth keeping for. Burns also declared that once we felt love and it was true, it must be for a lifetime. â€Å"Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun†, meant that no matter how far or near the lovers were, love will always be there and stays forever. The entire logic of this poem is about the unconditional love that he can offer to the one he used to love. The true love in a sensible way was being illustrated by John Frederick Nims in his poem entitled â€Å"Love Poem. † The love that was impossible and unreachable was also the idea being shown by this sonnet. The essence of sticking to the one you love regardless of his imperfect qualities was the theme of this poem. From the metaphors in Nim’s piece, he brought to reality the figure of a very clumsy individual. â€Å"All devotion, at your knees meant that despite of that unpleasant quality, she was so beautiful, charming and refine. Her good qualities were the reason why those who knew her keep her. From the lines â€Å"So gayly in loves unbreakable heaven/Our souls on glory of spilt bourbon float, it characterized that even clumsiness wouldn’t affect his love. The line â€Å"Their souls float on spilt bourbon†, which proved that they were happy with the presence of her fault. The metaphor in the line Be with me darling early and late, meant that they must stayed together during their youth and when they became old. The meaning of this line â€Å"Her hands, which shipwreck vases,/At whose quick touch all glasses chip and ring, showed the gracefulness of people. , and should your hands drop white and empty/All the toys of the world would break, described that the things she did using her hands wouldn’t fade away but will still remain and unreplacable. There were also symbolic images like my clumsiest dear, chip and ring, bull in china and a bur in linen† that showed the partnership of appreciation and condemnation. But in the stanza â€Å"The refugee uncertain at the door/you make at home†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (6 – 7) he commended the quality of his lover as a charitable one. Nevertheless, the whole idea of this poem was about the exposition of the girl he loved, her positive and negative side. He wanted to share the readers that in loving a person, we must adore his good qualities and love them despite of flawed qualities. The two poems are the same in iambic meter and in quatrains. The tone of both writers as they convey their feelings on their loved one’s shows that they are so much in love with love. They are so sincere in expressing their affection and passion towards their lovers with no hesitation and no limitation. When it comes to the voice according to the writers, I can see that Burns is so fascinated to his lover. All the things that he can see are all beautiful and the way he promises his love is so precious for him. As we go deeper beyond the meaning of the poem, the author doesn’t mind the negative traits of his lover nor mentions his flaws. Nevertheless, Burns only indicates how big his love is for the girl whom he loved. Moreover, how he promises that he can offer and sacrifice a lot for the fulfillment of his love. While, Nims obviously starts his poem in a different way. He shows the negative side of his lover. He even mentions the wrong impressions toward his girl. He doesn’t even bother to cover up the flaws of the one he loves instead of covering, he exposes the blemishes of his lover. However, the author doesn’t mean that he just wants to intimidate his girl but proudly tell the whole world and all the readers that despite of her flaws and shortcomings, he loved her so much. Now the difference of the two poems when it comes to declaring the love for their special someone is that the first author loves without looking or even mentioning the flaws of his girl or loving the person unconditionally while the latter explains how to love by accepting the reality that a person has the negative and positive characteristics. The symbols or images use in both poems also differ. Burns uses similes that focus on the natural resources like rose, music, seas, sun, sands, and rocks. For me, it implies that the author is a nature lover. He shares to the readers that when we are in love, the beauty of the things that surrounds us are all that we can see and appreciate and it gives a happy feeling. While, Nims uses metaphors where in the center idea is about the things or toys that can cause noise and to the things that we usually use everyday like vases, glasses, bulls, burs, dime and toys. In here, he shows the poem as if it is in a movie or in a story telling type. He details what are the happenings and how he accepts the flaws of the one he loves. For me, this poem is so interesting because he directs the readers to the exact situation of the things that are happening to him. He never hides the flaws of his girl maybe because the true meaning of this poem is about acceptance. According to my evaluation, accepting the weaknesses of the one he loves will show the true meaning of love. We don’t have to hide the imperfections of our loved ones because if we learn to love and accept them despite of the blemishes of the one we use to love, I think the power of love will strongly manifest and can’t be broken or shaken easily. But for me, both poems are so interesting and appealing. In reality, there are two kinds of lovers. The first one is the one who doesn’t see the negative side of the person that he used to love because he is blinded by his love while the other one is that he sees first the weaknesses of his lover and then learn to love that person. Both kind of love is passionate and ideal. Learning how to love though in different ways depends upon the person but we must love unconditionally, fervently, without hesitation and reservation, with acceptance and forgiveness, and by showing it through actions and words. Works Cited Burns, Robert â€Å"A Red, Red Rose† http://www. poemhunter. com/poem/a-red-red-rose/ Nims, John Frederick â€Å"Love Poem† http://www. poemhunter. com/poem/love-poem/

Causes and Effects of Job Stress

Causes and Effects of Job Stress Chapter no. 2 2) A review of literature Job stress has been recognized as a serious and chronic cause of individual suffering, irritation, strain and discomforts. As a matter of fact little research work has so far been carried out on the topic of job stress in Pakistan. On the other hand plenty of work has been done on the topic across the world particularly in the U.S.A and Europe. For the purpose of conducting review of relevant literature on the topic, the researcher was obliged to browse through Internet and to find relevant materials. The magnitude of research work done on job stress across the world and the quantum of data available on the topic on the Internet is phenomenal and is outside the scope of this chapter to incorporate it all. However an effort has been made to select a few closely related dissertations, reports and articles on the topic for review purpose. This review examines published evidences on the causes and effects of job stress, and the implications for nurses/employees in organisations. It is worth mentioning here that in todays dynamic world the nursing profession is considered to be full of stress. British Psychological Society, 1988 stated job stress as one of the top ten industrial diseases in the US†. Willcox (1994), reported that atleast 25% of the employees are psychlogically stressed at any one time. It has serious implications for the health of the workers in the society as a whole. The Health of The Nation (HMSO, 1992) describes that this area needs to be addressed to promote the health of the workers (government documents 1992). ‘Stress is â€Å"one of the most inaccurate words in the scientific literature† reported by williams (1994). The term sometimes indicates stressfull events and sometime indicate the effect of these events on work performance and sometime dis ordered health remarked by Maclean (1985). Marmot Et. Al 1987 reports that job stress is â€Å"lack of understanding how work enviroment make a person ill. Job stress refer to broad class of problems indicated by Lazarus (1971) â€Å"Any demand which atax the system, whatever it is, a physiological system, a social system or a psychological system, and the response of that system.† There is greater consensus about the meaning and effect of job stress. WHO (1986) stated that stress â€Å"is a dynamic state of mind characterized by reasonable harmony between a persons abilities, needs and expectations, and environmental demands and opportunities.† Prof. Cox (1993) concentrates on the importance for general health of a st ate of balance between needs and demands, citing the World Health Organisations definition of well-being: Research study on job stress concludes; Hans Selye (1956) is considered as the father of stress research. The Stress of Life (1956), a book by Hans Seyle introduced the concept of stress in the public domain and his General Adaptation Syndrome [GAS] is a popular one amongst the research scholor of psychology and management. Stress â€Å"a state, manifested by a specific syndrome of biological events† Selye (1974). He argued that stress is not entirely a bad event. According to him stress is the reaction of the physical body toward a situation or event, which is demanding. â€Å"Any kind of normal activity can produce considerable stress without causing any harmful effects† (Selye, 1974), Selye 1982 clearly state that the non specific implication of any demand put on the body be its effect mental or somatic. â€Å"The uncertainty that occurs at the organizational, unit, group, and individual levels. Uncertainty exists to the extent that knowledge about an event or condition requiring action or resolution is experienced as inadequate† reported by Schuler and Jackson (1986). Edwards (1988) view about the stress is that â€Å"A negative discrepancy between an individuals perceived state and desired state, provided that the presence of this discrepancy is considered important by the individual.† Taylor (1992) reported about stress in the following words â€Å"Demands made upon us [internally or externally] which we perceive as exceeding our adaptive resources. If we try to cope and that is ineffective this gives rise to stress. If this stress is prolonged then lasting psychological and physical damage may occur.† Hereby demands we do mean that arise from the workload or work burden. Cox (1993) perception of stress is from te assumption that stressor are discreat, time limited and various events of the life requiring adjustments or adaptaion are utterly associated with stress. Holmes and Rahe (1967) ranked the potential stressfull events which may be work or non work related such as death of spouse, divorce, marriage (not all negative), fired from work marital reconciliation, retirement, bussiness readjustment, change in work responsibilities trouble with boss change in work condition. (Holmes and Rahe, 1967). â€Å"Job stress is the sum total of factors experienced in relation to work which affects the psychosocial and physiological homeostasis of the worker. The individual factor is termed a stressor and stress is the individual workers reaction to stressors.† Suggested by Weiman (1977). Beehr and OHara (1987) used ‘stressor rather than ‘stress to refer to causal factors becauseâ€Å"few people misinterpret stressor to mean the persons reaction.† And uses ‘strain to mean â€Å"the state ofbeing stressed as evidenced by physiological, psychological or medical indices,† Hans Selye (1951) report about The General Adaptation Syndrome [GAS] states that, in response to a stressor, an initial ‘alarm reaction is followed by a ‘stage of resistance in which resistance to the original stressor builds up but ability to resist new stressors is lowered. Eventually a ‘stage of exhaustion sets in which ends in catastrophic inability to cope with any form of stress. 2.1 The human face of nursing, (2001): Commented on nursing profession; The female nurses faces challenging situations on daily basis. They face crying and dying patients and their task is stressfull , unrewarding and frightening. 2.2 The importance of the nursing profession is evident from the fact that the ILO has commissioned a manual with the title job stress in nursing profession to control and prevent the stress by Professor Cox (ILO 2001) 2.3 ILO (2001) reported. The occupation of nursing is related with challenges and demanding tasks. It is also full of overload, role conflit and role ambiguity. So, there is a great need to initiate a stress intervention and stress management program for nurses. 2.4 ILO(2001) presented that various research studies have tried to work out the effect of job stress on job performance and job satisfaction of nurses. It has been established that a negative relation exist between job stress and job performance and job satisfaction. 2.5 Health and Safety Executive (HSE 2001) research report with the title; the workplace stress epidemic; reveals that 53% of the employees have experienced a stress in the work place, International Stress Management Association (2001) found that one out of four working force have suffered due to stress related sickness. One out of five has suffered extreme stress in the work palce. 2.5 The HSE(2001) research found, a highky significant co relation between extreme stress and poor working condition. The employees have reported a wide rang of health problems and behavior problems, Professor Andy Smith have confirmed the fact that job stress is one of the most evident problem in the work enviroment. 2.6 The Bristol team(2000)has reported that 30% increase in job stress has been occurred in the work enviroment. The major problems indicated by job stress related illness are depression, anxiety, backach and musculo skeletal disorders. 2.7 Chartered Management Institute in 2001has found that long hours work load, working late at night has become a culture in the todays modern organization and as such are sources of job stress. 2.8 This study by the CMI and healthcare(2000), has reportd that 25% of the executive had gone on sick leave in the past one year due to job stress, 75% of the executive has reported that job stress was demaging their home life, health, performace at work and satisfaction level.. 2.9 The Health and Safety Executive (2001); research survey stated about sorces of stress and the circumstances which result in stress. The sources of stress are work overload, repetative work, role conflict, role ambiguity, danger, harasment and bullying, poor relation ship, in flexible shedule, lack of social support, confusion, lack of communication and poor working condition etc. 2.9.1Cary Cooper(1995), has argued that the trends in the american society are the major sources of job stress, such as working for long hours, down sizing and no contact culture. 2.10 According to Elizabeth Burtney (2002),who found the organization are full of stress and therefore we should focus on the stress intervention in the organization as wel as on stressed out indivisual. 2.11 Professor Stephen Palmer(2001)reported in his research study that stress in a universal thing. Everyone can be stressed and the threshold level of every body will be different. It depend on the person how he percieves a specific situation. Stress may be the result of the interactio between the person and enviroment. 2.11.1 Professor Cary Cooper (1995) has argued that insecurity in the organization stereo type attitude of the boss may be the major sources of stress. For employees it is necessary that they should have complete control on the job because of lack of control some time result in job stress. 2.11.2 Elizabeth Burtney of HEBS research(2004) reveals that stress in this modern world too carries a stigma in the closed style of management where the employees are expected to work hard and no concern is shown for their home life. The employees too never talk about the job stress. 2.12 Elizabeth Burtney of HEBS (2002)reported.That every job has some stress and the most stressful job is that where there is the element of change. Some professions such as health care education, games, and sports are highly stressful and risky. 2.13 Professor Cary Cooper(1997) has found the most stressful jobs of todays world. These are security personnels, social organization, education the proffession of nursing, medical and dentistry, sports and games, acting, jornalism, transportation and resturants. 2.14 Professor Cooper (1997)has assessedthat 60% increase in the job stress level has been occurred. Further he has measured the intensity of job stress in various proffession. 2.15According to an article with the title, â€Å"Job stress and job satisfaction† of employees in German radiotherapy (2001), which concludes that the greatest source of job stress stemmed from underpayment, crying patients,keeping patients fit and living,long hours, role conflict etc. Physicians and nurses showed a significantly higher stress level on scales such as structural conditions and particularly compassion than radiographers and physicists. Finally, rating of job stress and satisfaction depends significantly on the age group, gender, experience and the hospital. 2.16 K. CHANDRAIAH et. al. (1990) research study with title;Occupational Stress and Job Satisfaction among Managers, states;Individuals under excessive stress tend to find their jobs less satisfying. Some of their intrinsic or extrinsic needs may be thwarted or not met sufficiently.Corroborating many studies in the literature (Hollingworth et. al. 1988; Keller, 1975), the findingsof the present study also reveal the same. The subjects with lower job satisfaction were found to experience more stress in the form of overload,role ambiguity, role conflict, under participation, powerlessness and low status compared to those with higher job satisfaction. Age, therefore, was found to be of importance in these study findings. The results of the study reiteratethe significance of demands at each career development level as pointed out by Hallingworth.And the individuals encounter crisis at each developmental stage as hypothesized by Erickson.Significantly decreasing stress and increasing job satisfaction with increasing age was found among the managers and these confirm the importance of the developmental process. 2.17 An Empirical Study (1999) with title, â€Å"Effect of Job Stress† reported that; job stress is one of the vital issues in the organisation. It has been established that a negative relation exist between job stress and job performance, job stress and job satisfaction. 2.18 This review with title factors influencing stress and job satisfaction(2001): shows that various elements effect stress level and job satisfaction. These elements are leadership, quality control, relation between doctor and nurse. It has been established that a negative relationship exists between leadership, stress and job satisfaction. Although a positive relationship between clinical leadership and nurses job satisfaction was found, the association between clinical leadership and quality of inter-professional collaboration is unclear. The association between these variables and job satisfaction is positive but tenuous. In addition, a positive but weak relationship was revealed between the clinical leadership and the quality of relationships amongst nurses. Organisational issues, lack of nursing staff and patient care were found to be related to ward type mental health nurses stress emerged as mediating variables between stress and job satisfaction. 2.19 Beatrice et. al. (2002) has found that the higher is the demand on job the higher will be the stress and demanding job negatively affect the health of the nurses and result in deterioration of general health. 2.20 Center for Organizational Health and Development(2002) researched on job related stress in nursing:The research appears to support the view that, together, factors inherent in the nursing role and in the organizational culture within which the nurse works are as important a determinant of the experience of stress by nurses as the type of nursing pursued. Stress in nursing reflects the overall complexity of the nurses role, rather than any particular aspects of their individual tasks. Different nursing groups report similar levels of stress, the profile of stressors associated with those similar levels differed somewhat between groups. However, the inter-group differences reported in those studies and others are not sufficient to argue for the separate treatment of the various nurse groups which exist in hospitals. Therefore, while strategies forstress management needs to be tailored to the generic group, hospital-based nurses, they do not need to be further tailored to distingui sh between different types of hospital-based nurses. 2.21 HSE(1995) research study entitled health effects of stress in nursing† states that job stress negatively effect quality of nurses work it results in creating minor psychiatric morbidity, physical illness and a lot of other health related diseases. It also increases the musculo skeletal disorder and depression. Nurses are amongst those groups of profession which reported a higher level of stress. 2.22 The study here is of Kaohsiung City government employees, china human resource management deptt (2000), entitled job stress relation with social support and job performance.It has been proved in the above research study that there is great relevance between job stress and job performance. job stress is inversly propotional to job performance. Further social support has a great impact on level of job stress. Greater social support results in the reduction of stress level and hence increases the perfromance of the employees. The report also indicated that female employees feel more stressed as compared to male employees (Bheer 2000). 2.23 Ms santha et. al. (2003) research report has presented that the stress level of the employees has various effects on the employees as well as on the organization. Due to stress the employee may give more absenteeism, accidents, high turnover rate and impaired descion. Upto some extent stress may be a good thing. It gives the push and motivation to the employee. But extreme stress is harmful. It may result in poor performance and yet productivity of the employees is reduced. 2.24 NIOSH (1999) reported that; 40% of workers say their job is extremely stressfull. 26% of workers report burnout during working hours. 2.25 Davids and Theresas(1999)have reported that 25% of the employees have considered there job stressful, 75% of the employees say that the task is the modern organisation is more stressful than earlier. Job stress may give a lot of problems during the work and it is attached with health problems etc. 2.26 NIOSH (2001) model of job stress is self explanatory; STRESSFUL JOB CONDITION=RISK OF INJURY ILLNESS. (Individual/situation factor apply) 2.27 The NIOSH (1999) research study on gender and job stress finds that sex descrimination and role conflict and role ambiguity and family demand may have more severe effect on female employees. Stress can be reduced in the organisation by introducing a change in the workplace. It may result in the reduction of stress levels for both workers male and females. The organization should promote family friendly policiy, discourge sex descrimination. 2.28 The research study with the title Women in Construction† has reported that women in the construction industry have complaints of frequent harasment isolation and abuses by her co workers. The turn over of the female workers in the construction industry is higher as compared to others. Female labours in this industry are always at higher risk due to lack of safety measures and trainings. 2.29 In the research study by NIOSH (1999) of females workers in the internal revencue service (IRS), which states that musculoskeletal discomfort can be reduced to a great extent if periodic rest is provided to the worker during working hours. It may result in higer job performance. 2.30 NIOSH (2001) has presented in a survey that 60% of the woman workers have reported that stress is a great problem for them. They have cited that the following are the major sources of stress during job for females employees, role conflict and role ambiguity, poor relationship with other workers, burden of work, rush poor working enviroment, monotonus and repetitive work, lack of control over job, demands etc. 2.31 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2001) indicated that in the current era the stress related expenditure on employees is 50% higher than the early period. 2.32Encyclopaedia of Occupational Safety and Health(2001)states that high demanding jobs enhances the risk of cardiovascular diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, psychological problems, injuries at work, suicide, cancer, ulcer and impaired immune function. 2.33 NIOSH(2001) research report on job stress health and productivity states that job stress has inverse relation with productivity and it negatively affect the health of the employees. Stressful working condition results in poor health of the employees. Job stress increases absenteeism, tardiness, higher turnover and poor health. 2.34 Journal of Applied Psychology (2001)reseacrh report with the title â€Å"Stress Prevention and Job Performance† states that effect of intervention programe on job stress is very encouraging. The organization should educate employee on job stress, inform the employees regarding policies of the organization, how to reduce job stress and initiate employees support program. Stress prevention program encourage employees and results in enhanced production. 2.35 NIOSH (2000)has reported thaton average employees remain off the job for alost 20 days due to job stress, so job stress results in increased absenteeism. 2.36 The report by national insurance company 1992 enitiled employee burnout states that job stress directly propotional to burn out. Employees stress level should be reduced to avoid employees burn out. In the research study by the national insurance company that female workers feel more stressed than male workers. The chances of burnout and physical sickness related to job stress are more among female workers. The reason may be that the women are paid less than male workers. 2.37 European Agency (2001) research report has mentioned the following details which may be considered at the cost of Each year millions of working days are lost due to job stress. The cost of job stress in term of money is in millions of dollars. 2.38 Many studies have tried to determine the posible positive relationship between job stress and violance at work drug use. One study has established the fact that job stress creates negative indivisuals and has negative effect on the organization. The workers who experienced job stress start using drugs and alcohol and tobacco to reduce there tension, so job stress is one of the reason for drinking in the workers ILO (2001). 2.39 University of utara(2004), Malaysia, school of accounting, report on job stress among professional accountants working in selected public firms, a Malaysia case, establish and extends that job stressors faced by workers during job includes workload, role conflict, role ambiguity, lack of job autonomy and lack of job control. 2.40 A research report in Saudi Medical Journal (2003)titledâ€Å"Job satisfaction and organizationalcommitment â€Å" states that female nurses are more satisfied and contented in the public sector hospital, the study further reveals that satisfied nurses provide higher output as compared to less satisfied nurses. The other factor for higher production from nurses is there comittment toward job. 2.41 A report in journal of health (2003) with title â€Å"stress and suicide in nurses† revealed that the relation between stress and suicide remained U shaped.when the job stress and home stress are combined, five fold increase in risk of suicide among women occurs.risk of suicide among high stress women is more compare to low stress experience by women. 2.42 School of Health Science (2002),Blekinge Institute of Technology Karlskrona,Sweden entitled â€Å"job stress of nurses† concludes that stress contains amongst other the element of moral. There is shortage of nurses in the health care and organisational structure too impedes nursing performance to avoid the negative consequences of stress for nurses moral support is required. In ICU stress and complex situation are common for all nurses, the stress implication are sometime ethical issues, morbidity and burn out, the report revealed. 2.43 Queensland University of Technology(2002), thesis with the title â€Å"The influence of work stress and work support on burnout in public hospital nurses† States that female nurses with high level of stress and little support have experience high rate of burnout. Job stressors were the main predictors of Emotional Exhaustion, Conflict. Changes in the objective conditions at work have had major implications for nurses subjective experiences of work, with increasing numbers of nurses feeling stressed and as a consequence, are opting to work part-time or leave the profession 2.44 HSJ HEALTH SCIENCE JOURNAL(2005), REPORT CARRYING THE TITLE â€Å"job stress and job satisfaction†shows that a strong negative relationship was found between clinical leadership, inter-professional collaboration, and stress and job satisfaction. Although a positive relationship between clinical leadership and nurses job satisfaction was found, the association between clinical leadership and quality of inter-professional collaboration is unclear. The association between these variables and job satisfaction is positive but tenuous. In addition, a positive but weak relationship was revealed between the clinical leadership and the quality of relationships amongst nurses. Organisational issues, lack of nursing staff and patient care were found to be related to ward type mental health nurses stress emerged as mediating variables between stress and job satisfaction. 2.45 A research study by Deptt of medicine(2006). University of Ottawa, enitiled, â€Å"job stress corelation with job satisfaction and burn out†The findings are that medical staff frequently faces burn out due to high level of job stress. The turn over rate amongst the highly stressed workers are very high. The problem of burnout is common amongst the staff of cancer unit. 2.46 A research paper by School of Health Care Practice 2006, Anglia Polytechnic University, Chelmsford, Essex(2009), UK,entitled â€Å"Workplace stress in nursing† finds that workload, management style, professional conflict and emotional cost of caring and leadership style, lack of reward and shift working are the main sources of stress for nurses for many years. Stress management programe should concentrate on stress prevention as well as how organization should takle this vital issue. 2.47 The Graduate College University of Wisconsin-Stout (2005), Research Paper with title OCCUPATIONAL STRESS IN MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS, concludes that,The mental healthcounselors involved in completing the survey instruments scored an average of2.57 on afive point scale, with past administrations of the Weiman Occupational Stress Scalehaving yielded a baseline score of 2.25. The mental health counselors in this study scoredon average 13% higher than the calculated WOSS baseline. Employees in publiclyfunded institutions (Winnebago Mental Health) experience greater perceived work stressthan those counselors in privately funded clinics. 2.48 Research studyconducted by Carol Brewer(2000)mentioned that new comers in the profession of nursing confront enhanced stress as compared to existing lot .New nurses have reported the following are the major sources of job stress for them; complex jobs ,long hours,overtimes frequently, role conflict, role ambiguity, dangerous working conditions,abuses, inadequate resources and strain. 2.49An Exploratorystudy(2001) to dig out the job stressors conducted in Tiawan on nurses concludes that changes in the todays organizations,role conflict, role ambiguity,lack of social support,working environment in the hospital, demanding job of nurses are the main stressors for nurses. 2.50 European Journal(2005) of Social Sciences, reportentitled â€Å"Link between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction† signify that job stress and job satisfaction are invrsely corelated. According to Stamps Piedmonte (1986) job satisfaction has been found significant relationship with job stress. One study of general practitioners in England identified four job stressors that were predictive of job dissatisfaction (Cooper, et al., 1989). In other study, Vinokur-Kaplan (1991) stated that organization factors such as workload and working condition were negatively related with job satisfaction. Fletcher Payne (1980) identified that a lack of satisfaction can be a source of stress, while high satisfaction can alleviate the effects of stress. This study reveals that, both of job stress and job satisfaction were found to be interrelated. The study of Landsbergis (1988) and Terry et al. (1993) showed that high levels of work stress are associated with low levels of job satisfaction. M oreover, Cummins (1990) have emphasized that job stressors are predictive of job dissatisfaction and greater propensity to leave the organization. Sheena et al. (2005) studied in UK found that there are some occupations that are reporting worse than average scores on each of the factors such as physical health, psychological well-being, and job satisfaction. The relationship between variables can be very important to academician. If a definite link exists between two variables, it could be possible for a academician to provide intervention in order to increase the level of one of the variables in hope that the intervention will also improve the other variable as well (Koslowsky, et al., 1995). 2.51 A Study of Job Stress and Job Satisfaction among UniversityStaff in Malaysia, a research article(2007)investigates what corelation exists between job stress and job satisfaction? Inverse relationship exists between job stress and job satisfaction. The stressors that have been taken for research contain leadership style and interference by management, relationship with peers, work burden, role ambiguity, and role conflict. 2.52Faculty of Education (2001), University of Ibadan, article entitledâ€Å"Effects of Job Stress† states that stress has negative effect on health, physical and mental, work behaviour,and performance,satisfaction level. 2.53 Heavy workloads, difficult students and lack of resources are stressing out Australian teachers (1999). Many also experience stress from increasing violence and bullying. In one recent year, 274 teachers in Victoria were either assaulted or threatened by students and another 70 were attacked by colleagues. Over the past five years , 910 teachers in Victoria and 1150 teachers in New South Wales have filed worker compensation claims for anxiety,depression,nervous breakdown and other stress related symptom. Union leaders say these figures are just the tip of the iceberg: Teacher are very reluctant to proceed with those claims because it just adds another problem and additional stress, explains Australian education union president John Gregory Teaching in Australia may be stressful, but the profession seems to be under siege in the Uk , Janice Howell a primary school teacher in Newport (South Wales)is one of the casualties. She initially had the assistance of an English language tea cher but that teacher took long-term leave with no replacement. Unable to cope with 28 kids, 11 of them with learning or behavioral difficulties, Howell had a nervous breakdown. After recovering several months later, Howell complained to the school about the intolerable stress. Rather than providing support, the school added two more troubled kids to Howells class. One student, new to Wales, ran away one morning and was seen playing near dangerous mudflats. Although he was taken home safely, no one told Howell until the end of the day. This led to Howells second breakdown, ending her career. From being a confident, well adjusted teacher who enjoyed her job I became depressed and dysfunctional, says Howell for the first time in my life I did hate to go to work. It got to the stage that I was physically unable to enter the classroom. 2.54 Nebuo Miuro (1999)quoted in the book about stress that employees are under a lot of pressure from his employer to get a new restaurant ready for its launch. The interiors fitter from Tokyo worked late, sometimes until 4.30 in the morning. After one such marathon, Miuro caught a few hour sleep, then return for another long day. But he didnt get very far. The 47 year old suddenly took ill and keeled over while picking up his hammer and nails. He died a week later. The corners verdict was that Miuro died of Karoshi_death by overwork. Karoshi accounts for nearly 10000 deaths each year in Japan. Research indicates that long work hours cause an unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking, poor eating habits, lack of physical exercise and sleeplessness. This result in weight gain, which, along with stressful working conditions, damages the cardiovascular system and leads to strokes and heart attacks. Karoshi came to the public spotlight in the 1970s when Japans economy was booming, but the cou ntrys current recession is making matters worse.companies are laying off employees and loading the extra work onto those who remain. Performance based expectations are replacing life qtime employment guarantees, putting further pressure on employees to work long hours. Many also blame Japans samurai spirit culture which idolizes long work hours as the ultimate symbol of company loyalty and personal fortitude. Being exhausted is considered a virtue

Claudio and Heros Relationship in Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing

Claudio and Hero are the idealised Elizabethan couple in the book because of the patriarchal society that the story is based on. This is because Hero is shown as a weak and powerless young woman while Claudio is described as a powerful and honourable man. In the wedding Claudio decides to shame her and says ‘There, Leonato, take her back again Give not this rotten orange to your friend’. Even when Hero is being insulted and accused of being a prostitute she does not defend herself and says ‘Is my lord well, that he doth speak so wide?’ Instead of defending herself she asks if Claudio is alright which displays a sign of weakness in her. Claudio and Hero’s relationship started off at love at first sight therefore they did not know each other when they fell in love which was bad because if only Claudio knew Hero better than he would not have to worry about the lies that entered his ear. When Claudio is tricked into believing Hero was going out with someone else he says ‘If I see any thing tonight why I should not marry her tomorrow in the congregation, where I should wed, there will...

The White Doe, by Francesco Petrarch Essay -- TPCASTT for The White Doe

Title: When looking at this poem's title, one can get many ideas of what the poem will be about. One of the ideas that I got when I read the title was that it was going to be about a white female deer that was being hunted by a hunter. Another one that I thought up was that a white deer is an angel from heaven that will save someone. The last idea that I came up with was that it was about a white deer that was camouflaged in some snow to escape a predator. Paraphrase: In the first stanza, the speaker mainly describes the doe and its surroundings. The speaker says that the doe is all white with golden antlers. The speaker says that the doe is standing in the shade between two streams in a green opening in a forest. In the second stanza, the speaker tells how he left his work to follow the doe because she was so beautiful. The doe must have run off into the woods because he compares his looking for the doe to a miser searching for his treasure. He also seems to be happy while he is looking for the doe. In the third stanza, he finds the doe once more. The way I interpreted this stanza was that the doe was wearing a collar with a diamond on it. I came to this conclusion because the stanza's first two lines say, "Around her lovely neck 'Do not touch me'/Was written with topaz and diamond stone[.]" It seems as though the doe was once owned by someone because the stanza continues the inscription on what I believe to be the collar: "'My Caesar 's will has been to make me free.'" I think it is some kind of ghost deer that was once owned by Julius Caesar. The last stanza basically says that he was chasing the deer until noon. He says that he was so tired he could barely see, and he fell into the stream. When he got out the doe was gone... ... Title: The title is the subject of the poem. It is not a very specific title so the reader can make many inferences about what the poem will be about. The title just simply says "The White Doe." It does not say "The White Doe that was Spotted by a man Working in the Woods and Decides to Follow but falls into a Stream." So until the reader actually reads the poem, he or she will not really know what the poem will be about. The title contributes to the overall effect of the poem because the white doe is the subject of poetry in the poem. Theme: What the poet is trying to tell the world is that just because someone throws something a way does not mean one can take it from the garbage and keep it as his or her own. If the person that threw the object away wanted someone else to have it, he or she would put it up for sale or give it away.

Day V Caton

Day v. Caton 119 MASS. 513 1876 FACTS: Plaintiff Day built a wall between two adjacent estates in Boston and required defendant Carton to pay for a portion of the wall. On the other hand, defendant Caton claimed that there was no express contract between Plaintiff Day and himself whereas his silence did not insinuate any promise to pay anything for it. In the trial court, the jury found for Plaintiff Day and defendant Caton filed the appeal. ISSUE OR QUESTION:Was the fact sufficient of itself to establish the existence of a contract? Whether the silence of a party seeing services which actually the party got the benefit DECISION: Upheld REASON OR RULE 1) NO. The fact that the plaintiff expected to be paid for the work would certainly not be sufficient of itself to establish the existence of a contract. Because the plaintiff expected to be paid for the brick wall ,though the defendant did not know that the plaintiff was acting with that expectation. ) Yes. Although a promise to pay fo r the wall would not be implied from the fact,which the building of the wall was not in accordance with the request of the defendant,the silence of defendant Caton was treated as evidence of an acceptance of paying for the wall. The defendant had the opportunity to reject the building of the wall , instead, he stood by in silence and saw valuable services rendered upon his real estate by the erection of a structure.A PERSONAL COMMENT In this case, the jury found for Plaintiff Day. I also agree with the decision. However, I want to emphasize that I think this lawsuit can be avoided. If plaintiff Day and defendant Caton can write down an agreement before building the wall, they will have an express contract. Plaintiff Day also can acknowledge defendant Caton that he will require a payment. ZHIBO ZHOU 02/03/2012